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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) is a professional honorary organization dedicated to the advancement of the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academy's corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, which includes representatives from each of the craft branches. The Academy is composed of almost 6,000 motion picture professionals. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, membership is open to qualified filmmakers around the world. The Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars.〔^ Pond, Steve (February 19, 2013). ("AMPAS Drops '85th Academy Awards' - Now It's Just 'The Oscars'" ). The Wrap. Retrieved February 22, 2013.〕 In addition, the Academy holds the Governors Awards annually for lifetime achievement in film; gives Student Academy Awards annually to filmmakers at the undergraduate and graduate level; awards up to five Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting annually; and operates the Margaret Herrick Library (at the Fairbanks Center for Motion Picture Study) in Beverly Hills, California and the Pickford Center for Motion Picture Study in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California. The Academy plans to open The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017. The current president of the Academy is Cheryl Boone Isaacs. She is the first African American and third woman to lead the Academy. ==History== The notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) began with Louis B. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). He wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes and improve the industry’s image. So, on a Sunday evening, Mayer and three other studio big-wigs - actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetson - sat down and discussed these matters. The idea of this elite club having an annual banquet was tossed around, but there was no mention of awards just yet. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry: actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers.〔Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 2〕 After their brief meeting, Mayer gathered up a group of thirty-six people involved in the film industry and invited them to a formal banquet at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on January 11, 1927.〔Levy, Emanuel. And The Winner Is.... New York: Ungar Publishing, 1987 pg. 1〕 That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, and it was open to those who had contributed to the motion picture industry. Everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy.〔 Between that evening and when the official Articles of Incorporation for the organization were filed on May 4, 1927, the "International" was dropped from the name, becoming the "Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences".〔Osborne, Robert. ''60 Years of The Oscar''. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 8.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=History of the Academy: How It Began )〕 Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting was held on May 6, 1927. Their first organizational meeting was held less than a week later, on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president, and their first roster, composed of 230 members, was printed.〔 That night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison.〔 Initially, the Academy was broken down into five main groups, or branches, although this number of branches has grown over the years. The original five were: Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers and Technicians.〔Osborne, Robert. ''60 Years of The Oscar''. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 9.〕 The initial concerns of the group had to do with labor."〔Osborne, Robert. ''60 Years of The Oscar''. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 10.〕 However, as time went on, the organization moved "further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations.".〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=History of the Academy )〕 One of several committees formed in those initial days was for "Awards of Merit", but it was not until a year later, in May 1928, that the committee began to have serious discussions about the structure of the awards and the presentation ceremony. By July 1928, they had presented to, and been approved by, the Board of Directors a list of 12 awards to be presented.〔Osborne, Robert. ''60 Years of The Oscar''. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 15.〕 During July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began.〔Wiley, Mason, and Damien Bona. Inside Oscar. New York: Ballantine Books, 1986 pg. 3〕 This "award of merit for distinctive achievement" is what we know now as the Academy Award. The initial location was the organization's temporary offices at 6912 Hollywood Boulevard.〔〔 In November 1927, the Academy moved to the mezzanine level of the Roosevelt Hotel at 7010 Hollywood Boulevard, which was also the month the Academy's library began compiling a complete collection of books and periodicals dealing with the industry from around the world. The following spring, in May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, to be located in the Club lounge of the hotel. The screening room was not completed until April 1929.〔 With the publication of ''Report on Incandescent Illumination'' in 1928, the Academy began a long history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers.〔 In 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created America's first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures. The school’s founding faculty included Fairbanks (President of the Academy), D. W. Griffith, William C. deMille, Ernst Lubitsch, Irving Thalberg, and Darryl F. Zanuck. 1930 saw another move, to 7046 Hollywood Boulevard, in order to accommodate the enlarging staff,〔 and by December of that year the library was acknowledged as "having one of the most complete collections of information on the motion picture industry anywhere in existence."〔Osborne, Robert. ''60 Years of The Oscar''. Abbeville Press, 1989. Page 12.〕 They would remain at that location until 1935, when further growth would cause them to move once again. This time, the administrative offices would move to one location, to the Taft Building at the corner of Hollywood and Vine, while the library would move to 1455 North Gordon Street.〔 In 1934, the Academy began publication of the ''Screen Achievement Records Bulletin'', which today is known as the ''Motion Picture Credits Database''. This is a list of film credits up for an Academy Award, as well as other films released in Los Angeles County, using research materials from the Academy's Margaret Herrick Library.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Motion Picture Credits Database )〕 Another publication of the 1930s was the first annual ''Academy Players Directory'' in 1937. The Directory was published by the Academy until 2006, when it was sold to a private concern. The Academy had been involved in the technical aspects of film making since its founding in 1927, and by 1938, the Science and Technology Council consisted of 36 technical committees addressing technical issues related to sound recording and reproduction, projection, lighting, film preservation and cinematography.〔 In 2009, the inaugural Governors Awards were held, at which the Academy awards the Academy Honorary Award and the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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